Melatonin

Melatonin Overview

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule and indoleamine hormone synthesized primarily in the pineal gland. It functions as the primary transducer of the photoperiodic cycle, converting the perception of light and dark into a systemic endocrine signal. In a laboratory setting, melatonin is utilized to explore the complexities of the circadian timing system, receptor-mediated signaling, and the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. This product is manufactured to high specifications to ensure reliable results in in-vitro and analytical research environments.

Synthetically derived from the amino acid tryptophan, melatonin production involves a precise enzymatic sequence through a serotonin intermediate. The molecule is characterized by its high lipid and water solubility, which allows it to pass effortlessly through all biological membranes, including the blood-brain barrier. Scientific investigations frequently focus on its role as a master regulator of mitochondrial function, where it acts to maintain the integrity of the electron transport chain and reduce the production of superoxide anions. This compound is strictly for laboratory use and is not intended for human or animal administration.

Melatonin Structure

Analytical Metric

Specification

Molecular Formula

C13H16N2O2

Molecular Weight

232.28 Da

Physical Appearance

White crystalline powder

Confirmed Purity

99.17 percent

Observed Mass

232.3 Da

Melting Point

116 to 118 degrees Celsius

Batch Number

2025027

Structure Solution Formula

The chemical structure consists of a methoxy group attached to the 5th carbon of an indole ring, with a 2-(acetylamino)ethyl side chain situated at the 3rd carbon position.

Melatonin Research

Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Regulation

Melatonin research is central to the field of chronobiology. It interacts with the MT1 and MT2 G-protein coupled receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Studies utilize this molecule to observe the phase-shifting of biological rhythms and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the "internal clock" in response to light-dark cycles.

Antioxidant and Mitochondrial Effects

Melatonin is a powerful scavenger of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. In research, it is observed to increase the expression of antioxidant enzymes and maintain the mitochondrial membrane potential. Its unique ability to neutralize free radicals without becoming a pro-oxidant makes it a key subject in oxidative stress studies.

Neuroendocrine and Immune Modulation

Melatonin functions as an immune buffer, modulating the activity of cytokines and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Scientific investigations explore its role in balancing immune responses and its influence on the seasonal reproductive cycles of various biological models.

Cellular Protection and Aging

Research regarding melatonin and aging focuses on its cytoprotective properties. By reducing lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, melatonin is studied for its potential to delay cellular senescence and maintain the structural integrity of tissues over long-term experimental periods.

Article Author

This literature review was compiled, edited, and organized by Dr. Russel J. Reiter, Ph.D., a renowned professor of cellular biology at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. Dr. Reiter is globally acknowledged as a leading expert in melatonin biology. His groundbreaking research has revealed melatonin’s diverse roles in regulating circadian rhythms, supporting mitochondrial performance, and combating oxidative stress.

Scientific Journal Author

The collaborative investigations of Dr. Russel J. Reiter, Dr. Dun-Xian Tan, and their research associates have been instrumental in characterizing the multifaceted biological properties of melatonin. Their collective body of work has defined melatonin’s mechanisms of action, from receptor-mediated signaling to redox regulation and mitochondrial defense. Through their continuing research, the Reiter–Tan group has significantly expanded the fields of chronobiology and cellular resilience.

Reference Citations

1. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Galano A. "Melatonin: exceeding expectations." Physiology (Bethesda). 2014;29(5):325-333.
2. Hardeland R, Cardinali DP, Srinivasan V, et al. "Melatonin-a pleiotropic, orchestrating regulator molecule." Prog Neurobiol. 2011;93(3):350-384.
3. Acuna-Castroviejo D, Escames G, Venegas C, et al. "Melatonin in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism: mitochondrial protection." Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(4):6908-6938.
4. Arendt J, Skene DJ. "Melatonin as a chronobiotic." Sleep Med Rev. 2005;9(1):25-39.
5. Pandi-Perumal SR, Srinivasan V, Maestroni GJM, et al. "Melatonin: Nature's most versatile biological signal." FEBS J. 2006;273(13):2813-2838.
6. Cardinali DP, Pevet P. "Basic aspects of melatonin action." Sleep Med Rev. 1998;2(3):175-190.
7. Claustrat B, Leston J. "Melatonin: physiological effects in humans." Neurochirurgie. 2015;61(2-3):77-84.
8. Tan DX, Manchester LC, Terron MP, et al. "Melatonin as a natural antioxidant: from molecular mechanisms to clinical significance." Brain Res Bull. 2007;73(1-3):203-213.
9. Reiter RJ, Rosales-Corral S, Tan DX, et al. "Melatonin as a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant: one molecule, multiple actions." Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017;74(21):3863-3881.
10. National Center for Biotechnology Information. "Melatonin compound summary," https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Melatonin

Storage

Storage Instructions

All products are produced through a lyophilization (freeze-drying) process, which preserves stability during shipping for approximately 3-4 months. After reconstitution with bacteriostatic water, peptides must be stored in a refrigerator to maintain their effectiveness. Once mixed, they remain stable for up to 30 days. Lyophilized powder can be safely kept at room temperature until it is reconstituted. For extended storage periods lasting several months to years, it is recommended to keep peptides in a freezer at -80 degrees Celsius.

Best Practices For Storing Peptides

Proper storage of peptides is critical to maintaining the accuracy and reliability of laboratory results. Upon receipt, peptides should be kept cool and shielded from light. For short-term use—ranging from a few days to several months—refrigeration below 4 degrees Celsius is suitable.

• Temperature Stability: For long-term preservation, store in a freezer at -80 degrees Celsius. Avoid frost-free freezers as they undergo temperature fluctuations.
• Oxidation Prevention: Protect peptides from exposure to air and moisture. Always allow the vial to reach room temperature before opening to prevent condensation.
• Aliquoting: To preserve long-term stability, divide the total quantity into smaller aliquots for individual experimental use to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storing Peptides In Solution

Peptide solutions have a significantly shorter shelf life than lyophilized forms. Peptides containing cysteine, methionine, or tryptophan residues (like Melatonin) are more susceptible to oxidation in solution. If storage in solution is necessary, use sterile buffers with a pH between 5 and 6. Under refrigerated conditions (4 degrees Celsius), most solutions remain stable for 30 days.

Peptide Storage Containers

Containers must be clean, durable, and chemically resistant. High-quality glass vials offer the best clarity and chemical inertness. Plastic vials made from polypropylene are also suitable due to their chemical resistance. Ensure containers are appropriately sized to minimize excess air space (headspace) above the peptide.

Peptide Storage Guidelines

• Store in a cold, dry, and dark environment.
• Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
• Minimize exposure to air and light.
• Keep in lyophilized form as long as possible.
• Aliquot to prevent unnecessary handling.