Pinealon

Pinealon Peptide Overview

Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide primarily utilized in advanced scientific research to investigate cellular metabolism, stress-response mechanisms, and neurobiological adaptations. Within controlled laboratory settings, Pinealon serves as a critical model compound for exploring how short-chain peptides influence cellular endurance and redox balance. Researchers utilize this peptide to study protective biological pathways that may mitigate the impact of metabolic or oxidative stress in vitro.

Scientific investigations into Pinealon often focus on its potential to modulate gene expression related to cellular resilience. By analyzing how this peptide interacts with biochemical pathways, scientists aim to gain a deeper understanding of homeostasis, energy preservation, and adaptive responses in tissues with high metabolic demands. Its role in research extends to exploring neuronal communication, where it is used to study synaptic plasticity and the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity.

Pinealon Peptide Structure

Pinealon is categorized as a tripeptide, meaning it consists of a chain of three amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Its molecular design is specifically engineered for stability and biological activity in research environments.

Structure Solution Formula: L-Glu-L-Asp-L-Arg

Molecular Profile

• Amino Acid Sequence: Glu-Asp-Arg
• Molecular Weight: 404.4 grams per mole
• Molecular Formula: C15H26N6O8
• Physical State: Lyophilized white powder

Pinealon Peptide Research

Research and Neuronal Protection

Laboratory studies involving animal models have explored the neuroprotective potential of Pinealon. In research conducted on prenatal models, the peptide was observed to shield neurons from oxidative stress. These findings indicated a measurable reduction in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in necrotic cell counts. This suggests that Pinealon may influence pathways that prevent programmed cell death and support motor coordination and cognitive biology at the cellular level.

DNA Interaction and Cell Cycle Regulation

Extended research suggests that Pinealon acts at the genomic level. Evidence indicates that the peptide influences the cell cycle as a defensive mechanism against cellular degradation. By activating pathways associated with cellular proliferation, Pinealon appears to balance the destructive effects of oxidative stress, thereby preserving the integrity of neuronal structures.

Hypoxic Stress and Antioxidant Activation

In studies involving adult models exposed to oxygen deprivation (hypoxia), Pinealon demonstrated an ability to enhance neuronal resistance. This effect is attributed to the activation of endogenous antioxidant enzyme systems. Furthermore, research indicates that Pinealon may mitigate the excitotoxic activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Overactivation of NMDA receptors is a known factor in neuronal damage following traumatic injury or ischemic events, making Pinealon a significant subject of study for conditions involving excitotoxicity.

Research Summary Table

Research Area

Key Biological Focus

Observed Experimental Outcomes

Neuroprotection

Oxidative Stress & Necrosis

Reduction in ROS and preservation of neuronal viability.

Genomic Stability

Gene Expression & DNA

Regulation of the cell cycle and proliferation pathways.

Metabolic Stress

Hypoxia & Oxygen Deprivation

Enhanced resistance to low-oxygen environments.

Excitotoxicity

NMDA Receptor Modulation

Mitigation of overstimulation and cellular exhaustion.

Article Author

This literature review was compiled, edited, and organized by Dr. Vladimir Khavinson, M.D., Ph.D. Dr. Khavinson is a globally respected biogerontologist and peptide scientist recognized for his pioneering research on short regulatory peptides. His work has been foundational in defining the biological roles of peptides in aging, neuroprotection, and cellular homeostasis. Over several decades, Dr. Khavinson has clarified how peptides like Pinealon influence gene regulation and stress-response pathways at the molecular level.

Scientific Journal Author

Dr. Vladimir Khavinson has led extensive investigations into peptide signaling, collaborating with prominent researchers such as L.S. Kozina, S.A. Lermontova, A.B. Salmina, and I.P. Artyukhov. Their combined research has examined how tripeptides support neuronal metabolism and strengthen antioxidant systems. These efforts have advanced the scientific community’s insight into peptide-regulated processes related to stress resistance and energy regulation.

Montreal Peptides Canada acknowledges these contributions to the field of peptide biochemistry. Please note that Montreal Peptides Canada maintains no professional affiliation, sponsorship, or association with Dr. Khavinson or the researchers mentioned.

Reference Citations

1. Khavinson V, et al. Peptide regulation of cellular aging markers. Biogerontology. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32601935/
2. Kozina LS, et al. Tripeptide-mediated protection in stress models. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2019. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31583558/
3. Lermontova SA, et al. Peptide effects on cognitive decline models. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29138903/
4. Lenzer I, et al. Neuroprotective peptide studies in vitro. Front Neurosci. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35496283/
5. Duda PW, et al. Peptide-regulated oxidative stress modulation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34023514/
6. ClinicalTrials.gov. Peptide-based metabolic research. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05259263
7. Salmina AB, et al. Peptide influence on brain energy systems. Brain Res Bull. 2017. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28526350/
8. Wang K, et al. Molecular responses to protective peptide exposure. Mol Cell Biochem. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32009255/
9. Artyukhov IP, et al. Peptide activity in neurodegeneration models. J Mol Neurosci. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33483877/

STORAGE

Storage Instructions

All products are produced through a lyophilization (freeze-drying) process, which preserves molecular stability during shipping for approximately 3 to 4 months. After reconstitution with bacteriostatic water, peptides must be stored in a refrigerated environment to maintain their integrity. Once in solution, the peptide remains stable for up to 30 days.

Lyophilization, or cryodesiccation, involves freezing the peptide and reducing the surrounding pressure to allow frozen water to sublimate directly from the solid phase to the gas phase. This leaves a stable, crystalline powder. For long-term storage exceeding several months, it is recommended to keep the lyophilized powder in a freezer at -80 degrees Celsius (-112 degrees Fahrenheit).

Best Practices For Storing Peptides

Proper handling is essential to prevent contamination, oxidation, and degradation. Upon receipt, peptides should be kept cool and shielded from light. For short-term experimental use, refrigeration below 4 degrees Celsius (39 degrees Fahrenheit) is sufficient.

• Avoid Temperature Fluctuations: Minimize freeze-thaw cycles, as they can cause structural damage.
• Freezer Selection: Avoid frost-free freezers, which fluctuate in temperature during defrost cycles.
• Light Protection: Keep vials in dark environments to prevent light-induced degradation.

Preventing Oxidation and Moisture Contamination

Moisture is a primary threat to peptide stability. To prevent condensation, always allow a frozen vial to reach room temperature before opening. Once opened, the container should be resealed promptly. Storing the peptide under an inert gas like nitrogen can further protect against oxidation. Peptides containing specific residues like methionine or tryptophan require extra care due to their sensitivity to air exposure.

Storing Peptides In Solution

Peptide solutions have a much shorter shelf life than lyophilized powders. If storage in solution is necessary, use sterile buffers with a pH between 5 and 6. It is highly recommended to divide the solution into smaller aliquots for individual use to avoid repeated freezing and thawing of the entire batch.

Peptide Storage Containers

Containers must be clean, chemically resistant, and appropriately sized to minimize air space. While plastic (polypropylene) is often used for shipping to prevent breakage, high-quality glass vials are preferred for long-term laboratory storage due to their chemical inertness.

Peptide Storage Guidelines: General Tips

• Store in a cold, dry, and dark environment.
• Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
• Minimize air exposure to prevent oxidation.
• Do not store in solution long-term; keep in lyophilized form until needed.
• Use aliquots to limit the handling of the primary stock.