Thymosin Alpha-1

Thymosin Alpha-1 Overview

Thymosin Alpha-1 (T-alpha-1) is a synthetic peptide consisting of 28 amino acids that mirrors a naturally occurring compound originally isolated from bovine thymus tissue in 1972. As a potent pleiotropic immune modulator, it has become a primary focus of investigation for its ability to enhance the body’s adaptive immune response. Research suggests its utility spans a wide array of pathological conditions, including chronic viral infections like Hepatitis B and C, certain malignancies, and primary immunodeficiency disorders. Currently, it is utilized in clinical settings across 35 countries to support patients with compromised immune systems.

Thymosin Alpha-1 Structure

Thymosin Alpha-1 is a highly conserved peptide sequence. It is an N-terminal acetylated peptide that is chemically synthesized for research applications to ensure high purity and consistency.

Structure Solution Formula: Acetyl-Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Val-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Glu-Asn

Property

Details

Molecular Weight

3108.3 Daltons

Amino Acid Count

28 Amino Acids

Sequence Origin

Thymus Gland (Prothymosin Alpha)

Solubility

Soluble in water or bacteriostatic water

Appearance

White lyophilized powder

Thymosin Alpha-1 Research

Immune System Modulation and T-Cell Maturation

The thymus gland is the central site for the maturation of T-lymphocytes, the "soldiers" of the adaptive immune system. Thymosin Alpha-1 acts as a signaling molecule that promotes the differentiation of stem cells into mature, functional T-cells. In animal models lacking a thymus, the administration of T-alpha-1 has demonstrated the ability to restore immune competence, preventing the onset of opportunistic infections.

Enhanced Vaccine Efficacy and Sepsis Management

A major hurdle in immunology is the "weak" response generated by inactivated vaccines. T-alpha-1 is being studied as a vaccine adjuvant that boosts the production of antibodies and strengthens the cellular memory of the vaccine. Furthermore, in the context of sepsis—a life-threatening inflammatory overreaction—research indicates that this peptide may help recalibrate the cytokine storm, reducing mortality by balancing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals.

Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Enhancement

Emerging research suggests the immune system is deeply intertwined with brain health. In murine studies, T-alpha-1 has shown the ability to cross or influence the blood-brain barrier environment, promoting the growth of new neurons and the formation of synapses. These findings suggest potential future applications in treating neurodevelopmental delays or cognitive decline associated with chronic inflammation.

Antiviral and Antifungal Activity

Beyond its role in Hepatitis B and C, T-alpha-1 is investigated for its ability to activate Toll-like receptors (TLRs). By doing so, it alerts dendritic cells to the presence of fungal pathogens like Aspergillus. In HIV research, the peptide is studied for its potential to stimulate CD8 cytotoxic T-cells, which are essential for suppressing viral replication in patients who do not achieve full immune recovery via standard antiretroviral therapy.

Oncology and Chemotherapy Support

In cancer research, T-alpha-1 is noted for its "anti-proliferative" effects. It may directly inhibit the migration of lung and breast cancer cells. When used alongside traditional chemotherapy drugs like dacarbazine, research shows a synergistic effect that improves survival rates without increasing the toxic burden on the patient's organs.

Author Information

Scientific Journal Author: Dr. Lawrence Romani, specialized in Immunology and Fungal Resistance.

Article Author: Lead Researcher at Peptide Sciences Medical Review Board.

Reference Citations

1. Garaci E, Pica F, Serafino A, et al. Thymosin alpha-1 and cancer: action on immune effector and tumor target cells. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2012;1269:26-32.
2. Romani L, Bistoni F, Gaziano R, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through toll-like receptor signaling. Blood. 2004;103(11):4232-4239.
3. King R, Tuthill C. Immune modulation with thymosin alpha 1 treatment. Vitam Horm. 2016;102:151-178.
4. Ciabattini A, Pettini E, Medaglini D. Thymosin alpha 1 as immune adjuvant in therapeutic vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2018;18(sup1):61-67.
5. Sherman KE, Sjogren MH, Creager RL, et al. Thymosin alpha-1 and interferon for chronic hepatitis C: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 1998;27(4):1128-1135.
6. Cordero OJ, Salgado FJ, Vinuela JE, et al. Immune activation by thymosin alpha 1 in subjects with immunodeficiency. Int Immunopharmacol. 2001;1(12):1949-1959.
7. Costantini C, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. A reappraisal of thymosin alpha-1 in cancer therapy. Front Oncol. 2019;9:873.
8. Matteucci C, Grelli S, De Smaele E, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 and immune response: new insights and potential applications. Future Sci OA. 2017;3(3):FSO236.
9. ClinicalTrials.gov. Thymosin Alpha 1 in Immunodeficiency. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00586981
10. Fabris N, Garaci E. Thymosin alpha 1 in immunotherapy. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1991;13(3):167-176.

Storage Instructions

All products are produced through a lyophilization (freeze-drying) process, which preserves stability during shipping for approximately 3 to 4 months. After reconstitution with bacteriostatic water, peptides must be stored in a refrigerator to maintain their effectiveness. Once mixed, they remain stable for up to 30 days.

Lyophilization, also known as cryodesiccation, is a specialized dehydration method in which peptides are frozen and exposed to low pressure. This process causes the water to sublimate directly from a solid to a gas, leaving behind a stable, white crystalline structure. For extended storage periods lasting several months to years, it is recommended to keep peptides in a freezer at -80 degrees Celsius.

Best Practices for Storing Peptides

• Store in a cold, dry, and dark environment.
• Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
• Minimize exposure to air to reduce oxidation.
• Divide peptides into smaller aliquots for experimental use.
• Always allow vials to reach room temperature before opening to prevent condensation.